Bio- und Gentechnologie – Umweltministerium NRW

Gentechnik (Gentechnologie)
Die Molekulargenetik hat sich in den letzten dreißig Jahren rasant entwickelt. Ein wichtiger Meilenstein war dabei die Identifikation der DNA als Träger der genetischen Information. Dadurch war es möglich geworden, gerichtet genetische Veränderungen von Mikroorganismen, Pflanzen und Tieren vorzunehmen, und zwar gezielt und direkt am genetischen Material eines Organismus. Die Gentechnik (Gentechnologie) war „geboren“.

Die Gentechnik ist ein Teilgebiet der Biotechnologie, das sowohl die theoretischen Grundlagen als auch die praktischen Methoden zur Analyse, gezielten Veränderung und Übertragung von Erbmaterial umfasst.

Organismen, deren Erbmaterial gentechnisch beeinflusst worden ist, bezeichnet man als transgen. Die Möglichkeiten, die die Gentechnik eröffnet, haben sowohl Einfluss auf die Pflanzen- und Tierzüchtung als auch auf die Medizin, die Mikrobiologie und auf viele andere Bereiche unseres täglichen Lebens.

Das Schaf Polly (Nachfolger des 1. Klonschafs Dolly) ist ein Beispiel für den Einfluss, den die Gentechnik auf unser Leben ausübt. Es kam 1997 zur Welt. Es war das erste transgene und geklonte Schaf auf der Welt. Die Eizelle, aus der sein Erbgut stammt, enthielt ein eingeschleustes Gen für einen menschlichen Blutgerinnungsfaktor. Ausgetragen wurde Polly von einem Mutterschaf einer anderen Rasse.

Gentechnik – Segen oder Fluch?
Die Frage, ob die Gentherapie ein Segen oder eine Horrorvision für die Menschheit ist, lässt sich heute noch nicht beantworten. Nur eines ist sicher: Sie kann zum Segen für die Menschheit werden, in der Hand von Unwissenden und Verantwortungslosen wird sie sich jedoch zur Horrorvision entwickeln. Im Moment sind wir alle noch Unwissende auf dem Gebiet der Gentechnologie, wie es zahlreiche Beispiele immer wieder belegen. Erst Anfang 2001 hat die amerikanische Arzneimittelbehörde (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) alle acht Gentherapieversuche an der Universität von Pennsylvania gestoppt. Dort war im Herbst 1999 JESSE GELSINGER an den Folgen eines Gentherapieversuchs gestorben. Immerhin gilt die Universität von Pennsylvania als das größte Zentrum für Gentherapiestudien und die dortigen Ärzte gelten als führende Gentherapeuten in den USA und genießen auch international ein hohes Ansehen.

Methoden und Werkzeuge der Gentechnik
Die wichtigsten Methoden der Gentechnik sind

gezielte Eingriffe in das Erbgut von Organismen,

der Umbau von DNA-Molekülen,
die In-vitro-Kombination von DNA-Molekülen verschiedener Herkunft, ihre Einführung und starke Vermehrung in Wirtszellen.
Zur erfolgreichen Genmanipulation gehören zuerst die Analyse, dann die Isolierung und/oder Veränderung bzw. Synthese von Genen sowie deren Einbau in eine andere Zelle, die sogenannte Wirtszelle, und die Identifizierung des Klons mit der Fremd-DNA. Am Anfang aller Gentechnologie steht die Erfassung der genetischen Information, also der Basensequenz der DNA. Der Erfassung der Basensequenz des menschlichen Genoms hat sich z. B. das Humangenomprojekt verpflichtet. Aus dieser Erkenntnis der Sequenzierung des Genoms besteht die Möglichkeit, bestimmte, z. B. krankhaft veränderte DNA-Abschnitte neu zu synthetisieren (Gensynthese).

Die entscheidenden Werkzeuge der Gentechniker sind Enzyme (Restriktionsenzyme), die die DNA an genau festgelegten Stellen ausschneiden können.

Bakterien werden derzeit in der Gentechnik eingesetzt. Sie besitzen eine nicht an Chromosomen gebundene DNA (Plasmide). Daher kann man die DNA relativ einfach isolieren, verändern und wieder in die Zelle zurückführen. Bakterienzellen vermehren sich sehr schnell. Dadurch erfolgt auch eine effektive Klonierung der Fremd-DNA. Darüber hinaus kommen auch Viren zum Einsatz, deren Genübertragungsmechanismen genutzt werden.

Apex IPTG 5g Biotechnology Grade

20-109 Genesee Scientific 5g/Unit 293 EUR

Apex X-Gal, 1g Biotechnology Grade

20-108 Genesee Scientific 1g/Unit 309 EUR

Seven2Go S8 Biotechnology Kit pH/ion meter

PHM0026 Scientific Laboratory Supplies EACH 1270.8 EUR

Myoglobin (Up-converting Phosphor Technology)

abx095254-80Units Abbexa 80 Units 1144.8 EUR

D-Dimer (Up-converting Phosphor Technology)

abx095256-80Units Abbexa 80 Units 1579.2 EUR

Procalcitonin (Up-converting Phosphor Technology)

abx095257-80Units Abbexa 80 Units 1429.2 EUR

Interleukin-6 (Up-converting Phosphor Technology)

abx095258-80Units Abbexa 80 Units 1914 EUR

Creatine Kinase MB (Up-converting Phosphor Technology)

abx095253-80Units Abbexa 80 Units 1144.8 EUR

C-Reactive Protein (Up-converting Phosphor Technology)

abx095259-80Units Abbexa 80 Units 1144.8 EUR

Hach DR3900 VIS Spectral Photometer With RFID Technology

WAT3800 Scientific Laboratory Supplies EACH 8928 EUR

Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) (Up-converting Phosphor Technology)

abx095252-80Units Abbexa 80 Units 1579.2 EUR

ReadiLinkâ„¢ Protein Biotinylation Kit *Powered by ReadiViewâ„¢ Biotin Visionization Technology*

5521-3Reactions AAT Bioquest 3 Reactions 222 EUR

ReadiLink™ Protein Biotinylation Kit *Powered by ReadiView™ Biotin Visionization Technology*

5521 AAT Bioquest 1 kit 222 EUR

Heart-fatty acid-binding protein (Up-converting Phosphor Technology)

abx095255-80Units Abbexa 80 Units 1914 EUR

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Up-converting Phosphor Technology)

abx095250-80Units Abbexa 80 Units 1863.6 EUR

N-terminal Pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide (Up-converting Phosphor Technology)

abx095251-80Units Abbexa 80 Units 1579.2 EUR

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Blue screw cap (9mm) (PP: white silicone/blue PTFE septa: 1.0mm thickness) with AVCS technology ; Level 1 Everyday Analysis

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Blue screw cap (9mm) (PP: white silicone/red PTFE septa: 1.0mm thickness) with AVCS technology ; Level 1 Everyday Analysis

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Red screw cap (9mm) (PP: white silicone/red PTFE septa: 1.0mm thickness) with AVCS technology ; Level 2 High-throughput Applications

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Blue screw cap (9mm) (PP: white silicone/blue PTFE septa: 1.0mm thickness) with AVCS technology ; Level 3 High Performance Applications

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Blue screw cap (9mm) (PP: white silicone/blue PTFE septa: 1.0mm thickness) - preslit; with AVCS technology ; Level 3 High Performance Applications

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Convenience kit: 2mL clear screw glass vial (9mm short thread) with write-on patch; and blue screw cap (9mm) (PP: white silicone/blue PTFE septa: 1mm thickness) - preslit; with AVCS technology ; Leve

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SevenCompact(TM) pH meter S210 biotechn

MT30130864-1EA Scientific Laboratory Supplies EACH 1343.46 EUR

Human Testis and spermatogenesis related gene 4(TSARG4)ELISA Kit

QY-E01563 Qayee Biotechnology 96T 433.2 EUR

Human Testis and spermatogenesis related gene 3(TSARG3)ELISA Kit

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Equine Testis and spermatogenesis related gene 3(TSARG3)ELISA Kit

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Random Hexamers 100 µg

26-4000-03 Gene Link 100 ug 150 EUR

AGS8830-8 PCR instrument

AGS8830 Daan Gene 1 unit/set Ask for price

RNA/DNA Purification Kit (Magnetic Bead)

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Specimen Preservation Reagent

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PCR detection kit for Monkeypox Virus

DA1430 Daan Gene 24 test/kit 129.6 EUR

Nucleic Acid Instrument

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Nucleic Acid Instrument

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Tris - Biotech Grade

TB0196 Bio Basic 500g 86.1 EUR

Multi shelf rack For RS Biotech Galaxy 48R

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Perforated Shelf For RS Biotech Galaxy 14

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Gentechnik in der praktischen Anwendung

Gentechnische Methoden finden in vielen Bereichen Anwendung, so beispielsweise

  • in der Medizin,
  • bei der Herstellung von Enzymen oder Chemikalien in der Industrie,
  • bei der Herstellung von Lebens- und Futtermitteln bzw. deren Zusatzstoffen oder
  • in der Landwirtschaft.
  • Bei gentechnischen Verfahren in der Landwirtschaft – der sogenannten „Grünen Gentechnik“ – werden zum Beispiel Pflanzen mit gentechnischen Methoden gegen Schädlinge, Krankheiten oder Herbizide unempfindlich gemacht.

Die Anwendung der Gentechnik erfordert einen verantwortungsvollen Umgang und sorgfältige Abwägung von Chancen und Risiken, insbesondere hinsichtlich langfristiger Folgen für Mensch und Umwelt. Das bedeutet, dass eine möglichst große Transparenz und Kontrolle, gezielte Forschung zu Sicherheitsfragen und sozioökonomischen Auswirkungen sowie eine ethische Begleitung unerlässlich sind. Die gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen für die Nutzung der Gentechnik ergeben sich aus dem Gentechnikrecht.

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